List of Moon's center features. Astronomy lecture

Craters at the center of the lunar disk, as seen from the Earth, are the most visible because their entire structure is facing us, revealing the floors and their perfect detail, even with a modest telescope. On the center, there are many features, such as mountains, seas (mare) and large craters. Apenninus Mountains are easily spotted, and craters as Eratosthenes, Copernicus, the great crater Ptolemaeus but others that can be found in the lists below.

The craters on the Moon are named after great personalities of the branch of science such as astronomers, mathematicians, inventors and not only.

The results of the links may not have as title the craters, mountains or other features you are looking for, but in the content of the articles, those features are presented.


Craters of the Moon's center area.

Abulfeda
Agrippa
Almanon
Andel
Aratus
Albategnius
Alpetragius
Alphonsus
Argelander
Arzachel
Airy
Blagg
Bode
Bonpland
Bowen
Bruce
Bumham 
Cone
Conon
Copernicus
Davy
Delambre
Dembowsky
Dollond
Eratosthenes
Flammarion
Fra Mauro
Gambart
Gay Lussac
Godin
Gylden
Halley
Herschel
Hind
Hipparchus
Horrocks
Hyginus
Klein
Lade
Lalande
Lassell
Lindsay
Marco Polo
Mosting
Muller
Murchison
Oppilzer Pallas
Pallas
Palissa
Parrot
Pickering
Playfair
Ptolemaeus
Reamur
Reinhold
Rhaeticus
Ritchey
Saunder
Schroter
Seeliger
Sommering
Sporer
Stadius
Sulpicius Gallus
Taylor
Thebit
Triesnecker
Turner
Ukert
Vogel
Wallace


Seas of the Moon's center area.

Mare Vaporum
Mare Nubium
Mare Cognitum
Mare Insularum
Mare Imbrium


Mountains of the Moon's center area

Montes Apenninus
Montes Carpatus
Montes Riphaeus


Other forms of relief on the center area of the Moon.

Sinus Aestuum
Sinus Fidei
Sinus Medii
Lacus Felicitatis
Lacus Odii
Lacus Doloris
Promotorium Taenarium
Rupes Recta
Rimae Alphonsus
Rimae Ariadaeus
Rimae Bode
Rimae Vladimir
Rimae Bradley
Rimae Flammarion
Rimae Gay Lussac
Rimae Hadley
Rimae Hyginus
Rimae Oppolzer
Rimae Yangel
Rimae Parry
Rimae Reamur
Rimae Schroter
Rimae Sulpicius Gallus
Rimae Triesnecker

Space missions on the center area of the Moon.

Apollo 11
Apollo 12
Apollo 14
Apollo 15
Apollo 16
Apollo 17

Luna 5 (1965) USSR due to a malfunction, it crashed on the lunar surface.

Ranger 7 (1964) USA- intentionally crashed, and successfully sent 4308 images with a resolution of up to 0.5m.

Surveyor 3 (1967) USA has landed successfully transmitted images to Earth 6326.

Apollo 14 USA-Extravehicular Activity (EVA). On February 5, 1971, the crew of Apollo 14 landed on the lunar surface in the Fra Mauro formation near Cone crater.


To see the photographic map of the center area of the Moon, view: Photographic map of the Moon: Center Zone. Lunar Atlas.

For those who like my astro pictures or my articles, it woul be great if you could pay attention on advertising that appear in the blog by a click and maybe one day I could buya better telescope.

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Video Alphonsus crater on the Moon through telescope

Prominent and easily visible craters, older Ptolemaeus and younger Alphonsus, are visible through binoculars.

In this video, Alphonsus's east wall shadow, nearly covers a quarter of it's floor. From this, we can figure out the shapes of the peaks and their height.

Central peak of Alphonsus is lit by the sun, shining strong. Alpetragius crater is in total darkness.

Video is upside down as seen through the telescope.



Optics: CelestronC8 "-Newtonian telescope, plossl20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Device: Sony CX-130
Video mode: Full HD progressive 1920x1080
Filter: no
Date: 30/03/2012
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Processing and editing: Sony Vegas 10

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[FullHD] Video by astronomical telescope crater Arzachel on the Moon

In the video below, is observed Arzachel crater, an impressive crater from Imbrian Era, with well defined and deep walled terraces. It makes a nice trio with craters Alphonsus and Ptolemaeus, on north.

Notice the crater, and see the large interior walls, the peak in the center, and the depression valleys of the walls southeast and southwest. East the center of the crater, is another smaller crater called Arzachel A.

Alpetragius crater nearby (40km), shows a central peak, which is a large rounded mountain, occupying most of the floor. This massive is measuring 15 km from north to south, and rises to a height of about 3500 m above the crater floor.

Under a bright sun, the craters are difficult to see with binoculars and small telescopes.



Video: Victor Lupu
Optics: CelestronC8 "-Newtonian telescope, plossl20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Device: Sony CX-130
Video mode: Full HD progressive 1920x1080
Filter: no
Date: 29/04/2012
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Processing and editing: Sony Vegas 10

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Registax-Craters of the Moon on the edge between light and darkness.

Date: February 15, 2011, Registax 67 frames to 90% Lowest quality.
In these pictures that I have not posted here before, although the video was shot in 2011 (last year), only now I processed the video in Registax.

Craters Alphonsus and Arzachel in the pictures above, are flooded by darkness. Only the central peaks are lit. Ptolemaeus's floor is in semi-darkness. All craters found on line if the three craters, are at the edge of darkness and sunlight.

Coordinates	9.2°S 1.8°W
Diameter	153 km
Depth	2.4 km
Colongitude	3° at sunrise
Eponym	Claudius Ptolemaeus

Photographer: Victor Lupu
Optics: Celestron C8 inch-Newtonian reflector telescope, plossl 20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Camera: Sony HDR CX105
Filter: No
Date: 15/02/2011
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Processing: Registax

The video from wich I processed the images can be found here: Video - Ptolemaeus Alphonsus and Alpetragius craters .

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Video Arzachel lunar crater through my telescope

Clip with stabilized images that presents Arzachel crater (97 km). The processed images of it are HERE.
Alpetragius smaller crater (40 km), is near left of Arzachel, and is mexican hat shaped (my opinion).
Right in the video, Delaunay crater (47 km), is a form of two nostrils of a nose as I see. I might say the crater that is the "nose of the Moon".
 These craters are in the full light of the Sun, making it appear that the image is not too clear, but begining with the second 30, we see that is clear.



Video: Victor Lupu
Optics: Celestron C8 "-Newtonian telescope, plossl 20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Eyepiece Adapter: 1.25 "
Device: Sony CX105 in 7x optical zoom
Total Magnification: 700x
Resolution: 1920x1080
Fps: 25
Bitrate: 16000
Filter: No
Date: 12/05/2011
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Edit: Sony Vegas 10 stabilized video

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Ages of Ptolemaeus Alphonsus and Arzachel craters

Photographer: Victor Lupu
Optics: Celestron C8-Newtonian telescope, plossl 20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Device: Sony CX105 at 8x optical zoom
Total Magnification: 800x
Eyepiece Adapter: 1.25 "
Filter: No
Date: 12/05/2011
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Processing: video capture, FastStone Image Viewer

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          Alpetragius and Arzachel are on the center of the Moon. In captures above, these two craters are the ones that are in the foreground.
The photo below is an image of the area where this craters are located.

          Arzachel is one of the three craters that form a chain of craters: Ptolemaeus, Alphonsus, Arzachel. On Earth, a technique used to realize the age of geological formations is by seeing the effects of erosion of structures.Even if the force of erosion on Earth and the Moon are different, this technique can be used to know the age of geological formations on the Moon too.
One of the best places to see different craters on the Moon to see craters located next to each other, is Ptolemaeus Alphonsus and Arzachel.

         Looking at the photo below, the differences between the three craters are very obvious. Ptolemaeus has a large flat floor with no central peak , and the edge is almost nonexistent in some places. Alphonsus, has also a flat floor, but shows a central peak and crater walls are more robust. Then there is Arzachel , a good example of a complex crater, with terraced walls, and a distinct central peak.

          It is evident so far in terms of age of craters, that Ptolemaeus is the oldest, Alphonsus is the middle brother and the youngest is Arzachel.
Why Ptolemaeus do not have a central  peak? After the impact, crater Ptolemaeus formed, magma beneath the crust of the Moon rose through the cracks. Magma, joined and then hardened in the crater forming a flat floor. It was gathered enough lava to completely flood the crater's central peak, but not enough to cover the walls of the crater.

          Alphonus crater floor is also flooded with lava, but it was not enough to flood and central peak.
Beautiful terrace walls inside Arzachel crater have remained almost untouched, because of its young age.

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Alpetragius lunar crater images

Photographer: Victor Lupu
Optics: Celestron C8-Newtonian telescope, plossl 20mm, 2x Barlow
Mount: CG5 (EQ5)
Device: Sony CX105 to 10x, 8x and 5x optical zoom
Total magnitude: 1000x, 800x and 500x (last photo)
Focal diameter: 1 "25
Filter: No
Date: 11/05/2011
Location: Baia Mare, Romania
Processing: Sony Vegas 10 video captures

These materials are craters from the center of the Moon seen from Earth. Ptolemaeus crater (153 km) unlike the others has no central peak, but is an extensive plateau of lava. Arzachel (97 km) has the highest peak in comparison with Alphonsus (108 km). These craters are located at the eastern edge of the Mare Nubium.

 About Alpetragius crater (40 km), I have not talked about at all.It lies near the crater Alphonsus and is notable in this huge central peak compared to the size of the crater. The peak is rounded and occupies almost the entire crater floor (a third of the crater floor), and rises
at a height of 2.0 km. There is evidence that this peak was extended through volcanic eruptions, and seems to provide an eroded vent. Alpetragius's depth is 3.9 km.

Crater name comes from Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (also written Nur al-Din Ibn Ishaq Al-Betrugi and Abu Ishâk ibn al-Bitrogi , who was an astronomer of Andalusia.

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